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China's Superbank: Debt, Oil and Influence - How China Development Bank is Rewriting the Rules of Finance [Hardcover]

Henry Sanderson , Michael Forsythe

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Book Description

Jan 22 2013 Bloomberg
Inside the engine-room of China's economic growth—the China Development Bank

Anyone wanting a primer on the secret of China's economic success need look no further than China Development Bank (CDB)—which has displaced the World Bank as the world's biggest development bank, lending billions to countries around the globe to further Chinese policy goals. In China’s Superbank, Bloomberg authors Michael Forsythe and Henry Sanderson outline how the bank is at the center of China's domestic economic growth and how it is helping to expand China's influence in strategically important overseas markets.

100 percent owned by the Chinese government, the CDB holds the key to understanding the inner workings of China's state-led economic development model, and its most glaring flaws. The bank is at the center of the country's efforts to build a world-class network of highways, railroads, and power grids, pioneering a lending scheme to local governments that threatens to spawn trillions of yuan in bad loans. It is doling out credit lines by the billions to Chinese solar and wind power makers, threatening to bury global competitors with a flood of cheap products. Another $45 billion in credit has been given to the country's two biggest telecom equipment makers who are using the money to win contracts around the globe, helping fulfill the goal of China's leaders for its leading companies to "go global."

Bringing the story of China Development Bank to life by crisscrossing China to investigate the quality of its loans, China’s Superbank travels the globe, from Africa, where its China-Africa fund is displacing Western lenders in a battle for influence, to the oil fields of Venezuela.

  • Offers a fascinating insight into the China Development Bank (CDB), the driver of China's rapid economic development
  • Travels the globe to show how the CDB is helping Chinese businesses "go global"
  • Written by two respected reporters at Bloomberg News

As China's influence continues to grow around the world, many people are asking how far it will extend. China’s Superbank addresses these vital questions, looking at the institution at the heart of this growth.


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Review

"Despite CDB’s central role in developing China’s economy and bankrolling the international expansion of Chinese companies, China’s biggest policy lender rarely makes an appearance in most English-language chronicles of the country’s economic rise. All the more reason then to praise a superbly researched new book, written by two Beijing-based reporters for Bloomberg, in which CDB finally makes a star turn."

"Lifting the veil on one of global finance’s least understood institutions, the book is essential reading for anyone seeking insight into the workings of Chinese state capitalism." -- China Economic Quarterly, March 2013
Reviewer: Erica Downs of the Brookings Institution

"China's economy sometimes seems the work of miracles: three decades of economic growth, with GDP compounding at an annual rate of around 10%; the world's highest levels of savings and investment; vast trade surpluses, which feed the largest foreign-exchange reserves in history. The financial system has played a key role in delivering these economic feats, and no single institution within it has been more important than China Development Bank. "Understand CDB," Henry Sanderson and Michael Forsythe write in "China's Superbank," "and you understand the core of China's state capitalism." -- Wall Street Journal review, Feb 27, 2013

"The book is another useful insight into the workings of the Chinese state apparatus to come out of the Bloomberg bureau in Beijing – in July it printed an exposé about the family finances of Xi Jinping, and its website has been blocked since. One of the most striking aspects of the CDB story is how the bank managed to balance being a state-owned company with maintaining sufficient independence to function as a commercial business." -- Irish Times


"Calls for reform in China tend to come in two kinds – one, the most common in Chinese social media and popular discussion, calls for a crackdown on endemic forms of local tyranny, such as land seizures, black prisons, and bribery.  The other, found among liberals within the Party and expatriate businessmen, talks about rolling back the growing dominance of the state and state-owned companies over the Chinese economy, opening more markets to competition and ending the practices that allow state-owned (or state-blessed) companies to command cheap access to capital, natural resources, and land. So far, Xi Jinping's term looks promising for advocates of the first but the book [China's Superbank: Debt, Oil and Influence – How China Development Bank is Rewriting the Rules of Finance] makes a case that land seizures are at the very foundations of China's model of state capitalism." -- The Diplomat

From the Inside Flap

China's rise as a global economic superpower, the success of its top companies, and its continuing domestic boom is intricately tied to China Development Bank (CDB). This less-than-transparent institution, which is wholly owned by the Chinese government, has become the financial enabler of this nation's growth and is arguably the most powerful bank in the world.

While development banks have long existed to finance political projects, infrastructure, and other initiatives, nothing comes close to CDB in scope.

In China's Superbank, authors Henry Sanderson and Michael Forsythe—both Bloomberg journalists working in Beijing—combine on-the-scene reporting and interviews from across the world with numbers crunched from Chinese bond prospectuses to put CDB in perspective, and help you understand the economic phenomenon that is China.

Along the way, you'll not only become familiar with the growing accomplishments and influence of CDB, but you'll also gain valuable insights into the darker side of this political-financial institution—one that has never had to answer to anyone apart from its state shareholders. You'll also discover how China's seemingly unstoppable banking system could potentially be saddled with bad debt from trillions of yuan invested in projects with questionable economic value both at home and abroad.

Throughout the book, the authors:

  • Explore CDB's hallmark innovation—the system of local government finance—which has transformed China's landscape in just over a decade by pumping trillions of yuan into various domestic projects
  • Profile Chen Yuan, the Chairman of CDB since 1998, and discuss how he's been instrumental in reasserting the Communist Party in China's economy, while managing to preserve enough independence from the government to make decent investment decisions and function as a commercially driven institution
  • Analyze CDB's China-Africa Development Fund—China's largest private equity fund investing in Africa—and its attempts to stimulate manufacturing in Ethiopia, and CDB's lending to Ghana
  • Address CDB's work to secure a steady flow of oil and gas to China through loans-for-energy deals around the world, particularly to Venezuela
  • Examine CDB's lines of credit that have helped new Chinese firms in telecom and alternative energy win significant global projects, as well as how the bank is developing a new form of private equity financing through CDB Capital.

As China's influence continues to grow around the world, many people are asking how far it will extend. China's Superbank addresses this vital question, looking at the institution at the heart of its growth.


Inside This Book (Learn More)
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Amazon.com: 4.1 out of 5 stars  14 reviews
11 of 12 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars China's Superbank: Superb Introduction to CDB's Arrival on the World Stage Nov 1 2012
By Eloc - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Kindle Edition|Amazon Verified Purchase
China's Superbank by Henry Sanderson and Mike Forsythe is, simply put, a superb introduction to the arrival of China Development Bank on the world stage. The book traces the evolution of the CDB from funding development at home to securing oil and influence for China in Africa and Latin America.
Before I continue my review of China's Superbank, I must make two disclosures. First, I work with both of the co-authors in the Beijing office of Bloomberg News, so they are friends. I like these guys. Secondly, while I had no hand in the writing or editing of this book, the authors did draw on some of my reporting for passages on Huawei and ZTE. My work is cited in two footnotes to the text. These two factors preclude me from claiming to be an entirely objective reviewer.
That being said, the authors did not request that I write this review, and I paid for my own electronic Kindle copy at $30.69 through Amazon.com. Perhaps that's my first criticism, the price. For a slender volume some 203 pages in length, it would have been nice to see at least the Kindle version priced a bit more affordably. There is practically no discount from the $31.65 price on the hardcover, which is not yet available for shipment.
With my initial disclosures in mind, I believe I can still fairly say that even if I didn't know the authors, and despite the price, I would still give this book a strong recommendation. China's Superbank is a highly insightful and readable account of the role of China Development Bank both in its home market and abroad.
I have been following developments in China since my first trip to Beijing in 1991 and I've lived in the country three times for a combined total of about 12 years. While I know firsthand a fair bit about China and its development in the past two decades, there is plenty in this book that I did not know. I'd imagine the same is true for just about anyone who hasn't been pouring over Chinese-language bond prospectuses as Sanderson and Forsythe have.
The book traces the China Development Bank from its founding, and shows how in its home market it pioneered a model whereby local governments financed development loans by the expropriation and transfer of land rights. They explain how this became the central mechanism for paying back loans to the CDB and, as a result, people must be removed from their land at below market prices, feeding into rural unrest.
``Without suppressing land compensation, local governments can't make the margins to pay back the banks,'' the authors quote U.S. scholar Victor Shih as saying.
The book chronicles CDB's role in development of the country's bond market, and shows how CDB is unique among Chinese lenders in being financed almost completely by bond sales rather than deposits. The commercial banks that buy those bonds then assign them a zero-risk rating, and so set no capital against them even as CDB ramps up lending to new commercial sectors, and begins to spread its wings abroad in countries with long histories of default, including Venezuela. Thus the bank gives new meaning to ``too big to fail'' the authors say.
China is now lending more to developing countries than the World Bank. In the case of Venezuela the lending is a staggering $40 billion. The authors show how the CDB's oil-for-loans programs help China secure large deliveries of oil for its growing economy, and that's not all. Since much of the proceeds of those loans are then used to buy Chinese goods and services, ``China wins twice,'' the authors say.
I highly recommend this book for anyone looking for an introduction to how the CDB moved from funding development at home, to the frontlines of both China's global quest for energy and natural resources as well as the expansion of Chinese enterprise abroad.
One wishes the authors had been able to drill into these subjects in even greater detail. Also, more context and comparison of CDB with other development banks globally would have been useful. While more would be better, there is plenty here to get you started on the global role of the little understood and increasingly influential China Development Bank.
5 of 6 people found the following review helpful
1.0 out of 5 stars Do not download Kindle version! Mar 5 2013
By Jjz - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Kindle Edition|Amazon Verified Purchase
As another reviewer mentioned, the Kindle version is just a draft! There are editorial markings throughout and I wonder if I am reading the final copy! For example, I found "insert sentence" at least a dozen times. Does that mean sentences are missing?? I would hope for 30 bucks that I'm paying for a final edited version!
2 of 2 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent Insight on the Force Behind the Most Important Trends in China Mar 31 2013
By G. D. Norris - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
Several trends have accompanied China's rapid development over the past decade, including:

Urbanization
Land seizures
Local government fixation with land
High investment rates
Increasing inequality

In their book, "China's Superbank," Henry Sanderson and Michael Forsythe* identify the main driving force behind these trends: China Development Bank. Through local government financing vehicles stuffed with assets, primarily land, CDB has helped local authorities circumvent central government rules designed to cap their spending abilities. Able to borrow money on the bond market at rock-bottom rates, CDB has managed to fuel the urbanization that bank chief Chen Yuan described as the most important motive force in China's consumption and investment.

When reading the opening chapters, the expression that came to mind was Ponzi scheme, as it is really only the ability of the local government to continue securing cheap land, and for land prices to keep rising, that allows the financing vehicles to repay the debt. At some point, this virtuous circle is sure to end, and perhaps it will be no bad thing - the book quotes one U.S. scholar describing the local government financing vehicles as the "engines of inequality" in China.

Of particular interest to me where the chapters on Africa and Venezuela, two regions that I usually don't pay much attention to. I had no idea, for example, that CDB now lends three times more to Africa than the World Bank does. Into Venezuela it has pumped more than $40 billion, mostly to secure oil supplies, in a supposedly win-win deal. As the authors point out, in these deals it is really China that wins twice: CDB lends to the host country in return for a supply of resources, and the money is spent on contracts given to Chinese companies (whose operations are also funded through CDB loans). They estimate that around 60% of loans are earmarked for Chinese contractors, and this has helped the likes of Huawei, Sinohydro and even Chery Auto to realize the government's "go global" objectives.

"China's Superbank" is clearly a well-researched book, and the authors not only delved into the minutiae of bond prospectuses but also travelled across China and even to Ethiopia to get the details on a notoriously opaque institution. While heavy on Bloomberg Terminal-fuelled data at times, it is nevertheless quite readable and explores some of the social aspects of CDB financing.

If we were to look for something to criticize in "China's Superbank," it would be the authors' reluctance to predict what will happen next. In the final chapter, teasingly titled The Future, Sanderson and Forsythe concisely summarise the situation to date and reflect on the big issues CDB raises. But just as you expect them to give you some bold forecast, they retreat to the past: "This century will be dominated by the rise of Chinese capital overseas, and CDB has been the handmaiden of this trend." The book itself ends on the question of how CDB's next leader will be able to handle the bank.

Nevertheless, the book is a truly invaluable look at one of the driving forces behind some fundamental trends in China. And while it isn't bold enough to predict whether the house of cards that CDB has created will collapse anytime soon, it has certainly introduced us to one of the big players in global finance that we should have already been watching. Those interested in understanding how Chinese money is reshaping the world will need to read "China's Superbank".

*DISCLAIMER: I personally know Henry, and I moderated an event recently for the Foreign Correspondents' Club of China at which Henry and Michael discussed their book.

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