PREFACE xi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xiii
PHOTOGRAPHIC CREDITS xv
CHAPTER ONE: Introduction to Garden Insects and Their Relatives 1
Metamorphosis 2
Hexapod Orders 4
Identification of Immature Stages of Arthropods 6
Excreted and Secreted Products Useful in Diagnosing Garden Arthropods and Slugs 12
Body Parts Useful in Diagnosing Garden Arthropods 14
Fruit and Foliage Injuries Produced by Arthropods and Slugs 16
Plant Pathogens Transmitted by Arthropods 24
CHAPTER TWO: Management Principles for Some Garden Pests 26
Leaf Chewers and Leafminers 26
Flower, Fruit, and Seed Feeders 31
Sap Suckers 35
Gall Makers 41
Stem, Twig, Branch, and Trunk Damagers 41
Root, Tuber, and Bulb Feeders 43
Miscellaneous Garden Insects 45
CHAPTER THREE: Leaf Chewers 48
Slugs and Snails 48
Grasshoppers 52
Crickets and Katydids 56
Walkingsticks 60
Earwigs 62
Ants 64
Leafcutter Bees 70
Conifer Sawflies 72
Common Sawflies 76
Slug Sawflies 82
Other Sawflies 84
Webworms 86
Sod Webworms 92
Diamondback Moth 94
Leafrollers 96
Spruce Budworms 104
Skippers 106
Webspinning Sawflies 108
Skeletonizers 110
Tent Caterpillars 112
Gypsy Moth 116
Fall Webworm 118
Tussock Moths and Tiger Moths 120
Woollybears 126
Cankerworms, Spanworms, and Inchworms 128
Cutworms and Armyworms 134
Loopers 144
Hornworms/Sphinx Moths 146
Prominent Moths 150
Giant Silkworms/Royal Moths 154
Slug Caterpillars/Flannel Moths 158
Bagworms 160
Casebearers 162
Whites and Sulfurs 166
Swallowtails 168
Brushfooted Butterflies 172
Blister Beetles 176
Leaf Beetles 178
Flea Beetles 198
Mexican Bean Beetle 202
CHAPTER FOUR: Leafminers 204
Leafmining Flies 204
Leafmining Sawflies 210
Leafmining Moths 212
Leafmining Beetles 220
CHAPTER FIVE: Flower, Fruit, and Seed Feeders 222
Flower Thrips 222
True Bugs That Feed on Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 224
Stink Bugs 228
Other Seed-Feeding Bugs 230
Fruit Flies 234
Yellowjackets and Hornets 242
Caterpillars That Damage Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 246
Fruit-Infesting Sawflies 266
Fruit- and Flower-Infesting Beetles 268
Sap Beetles and Other Fruit-Damaging Beetles 272
Fruit, Flower, and Seed Weevils 276
CHAPTER SIX: Sap Suckers 284
Whiteflies 284
Psyllids 290
Aphids 296
"Woolly" Aphids 310
Adelgids 314
Mealybugs 316
Eriococcids, or Feltlike Scales 324
Cochineal Scales 326
Soft Scales 328
Margarodid Scales 340
Kermes, Pit, and Falsepit Scales 342
Armored Scales 344
Leafhoppers 356
Treehoppers 366
Spittlebugs 368
Squash Bug 372
Plant Bugs 374
Chinch Bugs 378
Stink Bugs 382
Lace Bugs 384
Thrips 386
Spider Mites 392
Tarsonemid Mites 402
False Spider Mites 404
Rust Mites 404
CHAPTER SEVEN: Gall Makers 408
Aphid Galls 408
Adelgid Galls 410
Phylloxeran Galls 412
Psyllid Galls 414
Gall-Making Flies 418
Gall Wasps 424
Eriophyid Mite Galls 430
CHAPTER EIGHT: Stem and Twig Damagers 434
Cicadas 434
Pine Tip Moths 438
Other Conifer-Tip-Boring Moths 440
Stem-Boring Moths of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs 442
Stem-Boring Sawflies 446
Pith-Nesting Bees and Wasps 448
Weevil Borers of Terminal Growth 450
Twig-Feeding Beetles 452
Twig-Boring Flies 458
CHAPTER NINE: Trunk and Branch Borers 460
Horntails 460
Clearwing Borers 462
Carpenterworms 468
Pyralid Borers 470
Noctuid Borers 472
Metallic Wood Borers/Flatheaded Borers 474
Longhorned Beetles/Roundheaded Borers 480
Weevil Borers 488
Bark Beetles 490
CHAPTER TEN: Root, Tuber, and Bulb Feeders 500
Pillbug and Sowbugs 500
Millipedes 502
Symphylans 502
Springtails 504
Root Aphids and Other Sucking Insects 506
Bulb Mites 508
Termites 510
Mole Crickets 512
Root Maggots and Bulb Flies 514
White Grubs 524
Root Weevils 532
Billbugs 540
Wireworms 542
CHAPTER ELEVEN: Beneficial Garden Arthropods 544
Predators 544
Parasites 564
Pathogens 568
Pollinators 572
APPENDIX OF HOST PLANT GENERA AND ASSOCIATED INSECTS AND MITES 577
GLOSSARY 629
SELECTED REFERENCES 637
INDEX 639
