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The Creation of Inequality: How Our Prehistoric Ancestors Set the Stage for Monarchy, Slavery, and Empire [Hardcover]

Kent Flannery , Joyce Marcus

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Book Description

April 2 2012

Our early ancestors lived in small groups and worked actively to preserve social equality. As they created larger societies, however, inequality rose, and by 2500 bce truly egalitarian societies were on the wane. In The Creation of Inequality, Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus demonstrate that this development was not simply the result of population increase, food surplus, or the accumulation of valuables. Instead, inequality resulted from conscious manipulation of the unique social logic that lies at the core of every human group.

A few societies allowed talented and ambitious individuals to rise in prestige while still preventing them from becoming a hereditary elite. But many others made high rank hereditary, by manipulating debts, genealogies, and sacred lore. At certain moments in history, intense competition among leaders of high rank gave rise to despotic kingdoms and empires in the Near East, Egypt, Africa, Mexico, Peru, and the Pacific.

Drawing on their vast knowledge of both living and prehistoric social groups, Flannery and Marcus describe the changes in logic that create larger and more hierarchical societies, and they argue persuasively that many kinds of inequality can be overcome by reversing these changes, rather than by violence.


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The origin of inequality is one of the most basic questions about human societies. We all arose from egalitarian hunter/gatherer ancestors. Why, then, do almost all of us poor peasants now tolerate affluent leaders, whether they are democratically elected presidents or military dictators? In this clear, readable survey, the distinguished archaeologists Kent Flannery and Joyce Marcus extract the answers by comparing the histories of societies over the whole world for the last 10,000 years. This book will become the standard account of long-term political evolution. (Jared Diamond, Professor Of Geography At Ucla And Pulitzer Prize–winning Author Of guns, Germs, And Steel And collapse )

By carefully articulating and integrating archaeological and ethnographic data, Flannery and Marcus present a panoramic view of the development of particular cultures in various parts of the world. Moreover, in selecting case studies the authors have gone beyond the familiar examples so often cited in anthropology textbooks. The Creation of Inequality promises to be a landmark work. (Robert L. Carneiro, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus And Professor Emeritus, Anthropology, Richard Gilder Graduate School At The American Museum Of Natural History )

Flannery and Marcus are two of the most distinguished anthropological archaeologists in the world. The Creation of Inequality distills two lifetimes of work on the origin and evolution of complex societies throughout the ancient world. This work brings much of this together in an eminently readable and fascinating way. (Charles S. Stanish, Ph.D., Director, Cotsen Institute Of Archaeology, And Professor, Department Of Anthropology, University Of California, Los Angeles )

This provocative work, likely to become an important contribution to the literature of social and political anthropology, will be of interest both to scholars in the field and to anthropology and archaeology enthusiasts seeking understanding of the development and perpetuation of inequality in human societies. (Elizabeth Salt Library Journal 20120601)

Extraordinarily erudite...It would be an excellent addition to collections on the rise of civilization or on how to use the data gathered by cultural anthropologists and archaeologists to understand broad patterns of social change. Professionals in the field will also benefit from this tour de force by two of archaeology's most provocative scholars. (L. L. Johnson Choice 20121101)

About the Author

Kent Flannery is James B. Griffin Distinguished University Professor of Anthropological Archaeology and Curator, Environmental Archaeology, Museum of Anthropology, at the University of Michigan.

Joyce Marcus is Robert L. Carneiro Distinguished University Professor of Social Evolution and Curator, Latin American Archaeology, Museum of Anthropology, at the University of Michigan.

Inside This Book (Learn More)
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Front Cover | Copyright | Table of Contents | Excerpt | Index
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Amazon.com: 4.2 out of 5 stars  4 reviews
13 of 15 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Best book of 2012 Dec 14 2012
By Laura - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
I didn't buy this book on Amazon but I wanted to write a review because it was the best non-fiction book I have read in a very, very long time. (And I love non-fiction.)

I checked out the book from a library because I passed by it on the shelf and the cover and title intrigued me. I figured I would just leaf through it. Oh how mistaken I was. All of a sudden I was 200 pages in and impatient to finish it. I read it in the mornings, in the evenings, on my work breaks. The book holds many fascinating details of cultures past and present, and gives a wonderfully informed view of humanity as a whole. It is rare for a book to be able to accomplish all this in so few pages. A few months have passed since I read it and I am still thinking about its message.

In addition to the content, another thing that makes this book great is the writing. I feel the authors have ruined my ability to read other social studies, history, or even science books. I have come to treasure their use of humor throughout the book. They have set the bar high and sadly, no authors I have read since have been able to compare with these two. Even if you don't know anything about history or anthropology, you will be able to understand this book. (Beginners might find the details about archeological sites a bit too much but I would ask them to keep on going because these authors are remarkably accessible compared to the vast majority of other archeology writers. Also, if you need to skip a few pages here and there, you can still get the main history.)

This is a book I will come back to again and again, both in my thoughts and reading time. I will no doubt purchase this item at full price so that I can support these brilliant authors.
6 of 9 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Wow!!! Dec 16 2012
By R12 - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
The authors present a fascinating look into how inequality developed, a topic that is relevant to all of us today living in class-based societies. The highlight of the book is how they weaved in stories and illustrations about ancient and pre-modern cultures from around the world, giving you a tour of some of the most interesting periods and places in our human history. The book is also written so clearly (and quite humorously too!) that you'll breeze through it in no time. This is a must-have for your personal library!
5.0 out of 5 stars Breadth and depth May 14 2013
By Jim Kornell - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
Reminded me a little or reading Darwin -- there are times when I want to tell the authors, 'OK, I believe you, please, no more evidence!' Thoughtful, judicious, astonishing range, clearly written, and an easy-to-like sensibility. The only critique I can think of is that they seemed to be less aware of some of the work on the origins of human language (but even with that, their speculation landed pretty dead-center). An amazing synthesis.

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