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The German Stranger: Leo Strauss and National Socialism [Hardcover]

William H.F. Altman

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Nov 22 2010 0739147374 978-0739147375
Leo Strauss's connection with Martin Heidegger and Carl Schmitt suggests a troubling proximity to National Socialism but a serious critique of Strauss must begin with F. H. Jacobi. While writing his dissertation on this apparently Christian opponent of the Enlightenment, Strauss discovered the tactical principles that would characterize his lifework: writing between the lines, a faith-based critique of rationalism, the deliberate secularization of religious language for irreligious purposes, and an "all or nothing" antagonism to middling solutions. Especially the latter is distinctive of his Zionist writings in the 1920s where Strauss engaged in an ongoing polemic against Cultural Zionism, attacking it first from an orthodox, and then from an atheist's perspective. In his last Zionist article (1929), Strauss mentions "the Machiavellian Zionism of a Nordau that would not fear to use the traditional hope for a Messiah as dynamite." By the time of his "change of orientation," National Socialism was being led by a nihilistic "Messiah" while Strauss had already radicalized Schmitt's "political theology" and Heidegger's deconstruction of the ontological Tradition. Central to Strauss's advance beyond the smartest Nazis is his "Second Cave" in which he claimed modern thought is imprisoned: only by escaping Revelation can we recover "natural ignorance." By using pseudo-Platonic imagery to illustrate what anti-Semites called "Jewification," Strauss attempted to annihilate the common ground, celebrated by Hermann Cohen, between Judaism and Platonism. Unlike those who attacked Plato for devaluing nature at the expense of the transcendent Idea, the émigré Strauss effectively employed a new "Plato" who was no more a Platonist than Nietzsche or Heidegger had been. Central to Strauss's "Platonic political philosophy" is the mysterious protagonist of Plato's Laws whom Strauss accurately recognized as the kind of Socrates whose fear of death would have caused him to flee the hemlock. Any reader who recognizes the unbridgeable gap between the real Socrates and Plato's Athenian Stranger will understand why "the German Stranger" is the principal theoretician of an atheistic re-enactment of religion, of which genus National Socialism is an ultra-modern species.

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Philosophically trained and philologically inclined, Altman marshals stupendous erudition and dazzling wit in the service of what is both a necessary and a preliminary task in the pursuit of a recovery of the Platonic and biblical foundations of western humanity. Humanity is the cause for the sake of which this book was written. -- From the foreword by Michael Zank No other critic of Leo Strauss has provided such an erudite, meticulous, imaginative, and eloquent study of his writings. Friend or foe, anyone who wants to participate intelligently in the "Strauss Wars" will need to scrutinize and confront this extraordinary book. -- Peter Minowitz, author of Straussophobia: Defending Leo Strauss and Straussians against Shadia Drury and other Accusers Altman's important, richly detailed study of Strauss' life and work is likely to change many views of who he was and what he stood for, above all as concerns his complex relations with such pro-Nazi German intellectuals as Heidegger and Schmitt. -- Tom Rockmore The German Stranger is a fascinating read. Altman takes up an extraordinarily difficult subject-Leo Strauss's relationship to German National Socialism-and handles it with genuine grace and insight. Unafraid to raise troubling and uncomfortable questions regarding Strauss's exoteric style of writing and its relationship to politics, Altman succeeds in providing an excellent analysis of Strauss's relation to the Western philosophical tradition as an exercise in political analysis. By looking critically at Strauss's early philosophical development as a student of Heidegger and considering his relationship to important Jewish thinkers such as Karl Lowith, Gershom Scholem, Franz Rosenzweig, and others, Altman manages to present a convincing portrait of Strauss as a thinker with deep sympathies for a National Socialist worldview. As paradoxical and shocking as this might sound, Altman manages to show how Strauss's thought was deeply influenced by National Socialist ideas and how he was able to suppress such sympathies when he later arrived in the United States. For anyone interested in deconstructing the portrait of Strauss as the spiritual forefather of the Bush-Cheney political crowd, Altman's book will prove eye opening. After reading this work, I came away with a deep appreciation for Altman's breadth of knowledge and philosophical-political insight into long-standing questions about the contradictions implicit in the Western philosophical tradition. For what Altman's project entails is nothing other than a fundamental rethinking of the Platonic and biblical foundations of Western thought. Anyone interested in the work of Strauss or Heidegger will undoubtedly find real gems of insight in this comprehensive and illuminating work. -- Charles Bambach, University of Texas at Dallas

About the Author

William H. F. Altman teaches Latin and World History at E. C. Glass, a public high school in Lynchburg, Virginia..

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9 of 12 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Not for the faint of heart when it comes to things Straussian April 23 2011
By Karl in NC - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
I highly recommend Will Altman's tome on Leo Strauss, not because I agree with his every argument regarding Strauss but because of the amazing scholarship on display in TGS. Altman has read Strauss' original works in German, for instance, and relies on works like Strauss' dissertation, for instance, to make his case early on. His attention to footnotes and his scrupulous reading of texts are probably the key to the work of this astute intellectual detective. These features make clear his debt to Strauss, which Altman acknowledges openly near the end of the book--a debt that anyone familiar with Strauss' works and critiques contained therein sees throughout his treatment of Strauss' "esoteric" teaching. Anyone who is a motivated defender of Strauss will need to be prepared to match Altman's scholarship and provide counter-arguments--if he wants to learn something along the way, that is. As one who has studied with Strauss' students and has read most of Strauss' books, I found Altman's tone a bit too polemical at times: he is not at his best when he seeks to draw a straight line between Strauss' secret teaching and Sarah Palin's political advisors, for instance. Additionally, I found some of his arguments reminiscent of some of Strauss' own students, particularly Stanley Rosen, on the Straussian project as an "act of will": in fact, Altman's defense of Plato against Strauss's "anti-platonic" Platonism needs to be seen (for Strauss defenders) through Rosen's defense of the possibility of philosophy. If Altman's book inspires a new generation of Straussians to take up the original sources of Strauss' inspiration, namely, the Greeks and the Bible, to forge counter-arguments, then it will have served that higher purpose that I believe the author intends. It is this form of liberalism in Strauss' exoteric teaching that has kept me coming back to his books over the years. Altman's critique fundamentally has not shaken my "faith" because I believe that Strauss as a teacher was always open to argument, from whatever corner: he was, in the one time I had a chance to visit with him, not only a man of intense intellect but a spirited defender of serious politics. And it is on this final point I would make the case that the best defense of Strauss lies in an understanding of Aristotle and Israel.

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