Written by several of Java's inventors,
The Java Programming Language, Third Edition provides a nearly indispensable guide to basic and advanced features in today's hottest programming language. Perfect for the intermediate or advanced developer, this book delivers a wealth of information on how to do more with Java. The first sections of this title provide a nicely compact tour of Java basics. If you're a beginner, you'll get a glimpse of the fundamentals of Java quickly. Most of this new edition has the more experienced reader in mind. Subsequent chapters delve into basic and advanced language features of what can be done with classes, interfaces and other design features in Java. The authors' explanations are notably clear and never pedantic. Many examples are illustrated using simple mathematical problems, and the class design samples for inheritance and interfaces all use comprehensible class names and concepts.
This book is just outstanding when it comes to class design. This title will definitely let any reader do more with classes, whether you want to make use of such features as "anonymous inner classes", reflection (for loading classes dynamically), or do more with interfaces (including extending interfaces, and even tricks to change data members in interfaces).
Standout sections here include a complete guide to Java language statements, including keywords, literals and support for Unicode. Later sections feature a nicely clear explanation of Java's complicated I/O classes, a fine tutorial on threading and a solid introduction to using Java's collection classes. The book closes with a tour of some additional "core" Java packages that are available in the language.
In all, this up-to-the-minute guide to some of the more complex features in today's Java fills a valuable niche for any Java developer. Besides providing a glimpse into what the Java team at Sun is up to, this authoritative resource can help you master the finer points of class design, as well as make the most out of newly added features in the new JDK 1.3 standard. --Richard Dragan, Amazon.com
Topics covered: Quickstart overview of Java, class and object design in Java, access control, construction and initialisation, static methods, method overloading, class inheritance, redefining members, the protected keyword, the strictfp keyword and floating point processing, cloning objects, interfaces (constants, methods and modifiers), extending interfaces, marker interfaces, nested classes and interfaces (including static nested types, inner classes and anonymous inner classes), tokens, operators and expressions in Java, literals, keywords, operator precedence, control flow, Java exception handling, exception classes, the String and StringBuffer classes, threads, synchronisation APIs and techniques (scheduling, thread groups and thread local storage), the wrapper classes for Number types, Java reflection, loading classes, garbage collection (GC algorithms, finalisation and reachability states), packages, JavaDoc documentation tags, tour of Java I/O stream classes, serialisation techniques, new and legacy Java collections, misc. utility classes, system programming with properties, processes and JVM shutdown; internationalisation and localisation techniques, and tour of additional Java core packages.
Beautiful buildings are more than scientific. They are true organisms, spiritually conceived; works of art, using the best technology by inspiration rather than the idiosyncrasies of mere taste or any averaging by the committee mind.
Frank Lloyd Wright The Java™ programming language has been warmly received by the world com munity of software developers and Internet content providers. Users of the Inter net and World Wide Web benefit from access to secure, platform-independent applications that can come from anywhere on the Internet. Software developers who create applications in the Java programming language benefit by developing code only once, with no need to "port" their applications to every software and hardware platform. For many, the language was known first as a tool to create applets for the World Wide Web. An applet is a mini-application that runs inside a Web page. An applet can perform tasks and interact with users on their browser pages without using resources from the Web server after being downloaded. Some applets may, of course, talk with the server to do their job, but that's their business. The Java programming language is indeed valuable for distributed network environments like the Web. However, it goes well beyond this domain to provide a powerful general-purpose programming language suitable for building a variety of applications that either do not depend on network features, or want them for dif ferent reasons. The ability to execute downloaded code on remote hosts in a secure manner is a critical requirement for many organizations. Other groups use it as a general-purpose programming language for projects in which machine independence is less important. Ease of programming and safety features help you quickly produce working code. Some common program ming errors never occur because of features like garbage collection and type-safe references. Support for multithreading caters to modern network-based and graph ical user interface--based applications that must attend to multiple tasks simulta neously, and the mechanisms of exception handling ease the task of dealing with error conditions. While the built-in tools are powerful, it is a simple language in which programmers can quickly become proficient. The Java programming language is designed for maximum portability with as few implementation dependencies as possible. An int, for example, is a 32-bit signed two's-complement integer in all implementations, irrespective of the CPU architecture on which the program executes. Defining everything possible about the language and its runtime environment enables users to run compiled code any where and share code with anyone who has a Java runtime environment. ABOUT THIS BOOK This book teaches the Java programming language to people who are familiar with basic programming concepts. It explains the language without being ardu ously formal or complete. This book is not an introduction to object-oriented pro gramming, although some issues are covered to establish a common terminology. Other books in this series, and much online documentation, focus on applets, graphical interfaces, databases, components, and other specific kinds of program ming tasks. For other references, see "Further Reading" on page 563. This third edition includes the changes introduced in the Java 2 Platform, such as the new strictfp keyword, collection classes, and reference objects, as imple mented in the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition Version 1.3 (sometimes colloquially referred to as JDK 1.3 or simply 1.3). You will also find brief coverage of the other main packages. If you have already read the second edition, you will find that much of the information in this edition has been restructured to improve the presentation of language features---such as nested classes and interfaces---and class API's. This edition will give you a lot of new information, but since most of the language is unchanged, and almost all main package types are still usable, you will want to pay most attention to the newer areas. The Java programming language shares many features common to most pro gramming languages in use today. The language should look familiar to C and C++ programmers because it was designed with C and C++ constructs where the languages are similar. That said, this book is neither a comparative analysis nor a "bridge" tutorial---no knowledge of C or C++ is assumed. C++ programmers, especially, may be as hindered by what they must unlearn as they are helped by their knowledge. Chapter 1---A Quick Tour---gives a quick overview of the language. Program mers who are unfamiliar with object-oriented programming notions should read the quick tour, while programmers who are already familiar with object-oriented programming paradigms will find the quick tour a useful introduction to the object-oriented features of the language. Chapters 2, 3, 4, and 5 cover the object-oriented core features of the language, namely, class declarations that define components of a program, and objects man ufactured according to class definitions. Chapter 2---Classes and Objects-- describes the basis of the language: classes. Chapter 3---Extending Classes-- describes how an existing class can be extended,orsubclassed, to create a new class with additional data and behavior. Chapter 4---Interfaces---describes how to declare interface types which are abstract descriptions of behavior that provide maximum flexibility for class designers and implementors. Chapter 5---Nested Classes and Interfaces---describes how classes and interfaces can be declared inside other classes and interfaces, and the benefits that provides. Chapters 6 and 7 cover standard constructs common to most languages. Chap ter 6---Tokens, Operators, and Expressions---describes the tokens of the language from which statements are constructed, how the tokens and operators are used to build expressions, and how expressions are evaluated. Chapter 7---Control Flow---describes how control statements direct the order of statement execution. Chapter 8---Exceptions---describes the language's powerful error-handling capabilities. Chapter 9---Strings---describes the built-in language and runtime support for String objects. Chapter 10---Threads---explains the language's view of multithreading. Many applications, such as graphical interface--based software, must attend to multiple tasks simultaneously. These tasks must cooperate to behave correctly, and threads meet the needs of cooperative multitasking. Chapter 11---Programming with Types---describes the type-related classes: individual objects that describe each class and interface, and classes that wrap primitive data types such as integers and floating-point values into their own object types. Chapter 12---Garbage Collection and Memory---talks about garbage collec tion, finalization, and lower-strength reference objects. Chapter 13---Packages---describes how you can group collections of classes and interfaces into separate packages. Chapter 14---Documentation Comments---shows how to write reference doc umentation in comments. Chapters 15 through 19 cover the main packages. Chapter 15---The I/O Pack age---describes the input/output system, which is based on streams. Chapter 16-- Collections---covers the collection or container classes such as sets and lists. Chapter 17---Miscellaneous Utilities---covers the rest of the utility classes such as bit sets and random number generation. Chapter 18---System Programming-- leads you through the system classes that provide access to features of the under lying platform. Chapter 19---Internationalization and Localization---covers some of the tools used to create programs that can run in many linguistic and cultural environments. Chapter 20---Standard Packages---briefly explores the packages that are part of the standard platform, giving overviews of those packages not covered in more detail in this book. Appendix A---Runtime Exceptions---lists all the runtime exceptions and errors that the runtime system itself can throw. Appendix B---Useful Tables---has tables of information that you may find useful for quick reference. Finally, Further Reading lists works that may be interesting for further read ing on complete details, object orientation, programming with threads, software design, and other topics. EXAMPLES AND DOCUMENTATION All the code examples in the text have been compiled and run on the latest version of the language available at the time the book was written, which was the Java 2 SDK, Standard Edition, Version 1.3. Only supported features are covered---depre cated types, methods, and fields are ignored except where unavoidable. We have also covered issues beyond writing programs that simply compile. Part of learning a language is to learn to use it well. For this reason, we have tried to show princi ples of good programming style and design. In a few places we refer to online documentation. Development environments provide a way to automatically generate documentation (usually HTML docu ments) from a compiled class using the documentation comments. This documen tation is normally viewed using a Web browser. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (FIRST EDITION) No technical book-writing endeavor is an island unto itself, and ours was more like a continent. Many people contributed technical help, excellent reviews, useful information, and book-writing advice. Contributing editor Henry McGilton of Trilithon Software played the role of "chief editorial firefighter" to help make this book possible. Series editor Lisa Friendly contributed dogged perseverance and support. A veritable multitude of reviewers took time out of their otherwise busy lives to read, edit, advise, revise, and delete material, all in the name of making this a better book. Kevin Coyle performed one of the most detailed editorial reviews at all levels. Karen Bennet, Mike Burati, Patricia Giencke, Steve Gilliard, Bill Joy, Rosanna Lee, Jon Madison, Brian O'Neill, Sue Palmer, Stephen Perelgut, R. Anders Schneiderman, Susan Sim, Bob Sproull, Guy Steele, Arthur van Hoff, Jim Waldo, Greg Wilson, and Ann Wollrath provided in-depth review. Geoff Arnold, Tom Cargill, Chris Darke, Pat Finnegan, Mick Jordan, Doug Lea, Randall Murray, Roger Riggs, Jimmy Torres, Arthur van Hoff, and Frank Yellin contributed useful comments and technical information at critical junctures. Alka Deshpande, Sharon Flank, Nassim Fotouhi, Betsy Halstead, Kee Hinck ley, Dr. K. Kalyanasundaram, Patrick Martin, Paul Romagna, Susan Snyder, and Nicole Yankelovich collaborated to make possible the five words of non-ISO Latin-1 text on pages 140 and 406. Jim Arnold provided research help on the proper spelling, usage, and etymology of "smoog" and "moorge." Ed Mooney helped with the document preparation. Herb and Joy Kaiser were our Croatian language consultants. Cookie Callahan, Robert E. Pierce, and Rita Tavilla pro vided the support necessary to keep this project going at many moments when it would otherwise have stalled with a sputtering whimper. Thanks to Kim Polese for supplying us the capsule summary of why the Java programming language is important to computer users as well as programmers. Support and advice were provided at critical moments by Susan Jones, Bob Sproull, Jim Waldo, and Ann Wollrath. And we thank our families, who, besides their loving support, would at times drag us out to play when we should have been working, for which we are deeply grateful. And thanks to the folks at Peet's Coffee and Tea, who kept us buzzed on the best Java on the planet. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (SECOND EDITION) The cast of characters for this second edition is much like the first. Series Editor Lisa Friendly continued to be doggedly supportive and attentive. The set of reviewers was smaller, overlapping, and certainly as helpful and thor ough. Overall reviews by Steve Byrne, Tom Cargill, Mary Dageforde, Tim Lind holm, and Rob Murray were critical to clarity. Brian Beck, Peter Jones, Doug Lea, Bryan O'Sullivan, Sue Palmer, Rosanna Lee, Lori Park, Mark Reinhold, Roger Riggs, Ann Wollrath, and Ken Zadek contributed focused reviews of important parts. Guy Steele's support was ongoing and warm. Rosemary Simpson's exten sive and intensive efforts to make a useful index are deeply appreciated. Carla Carlson and Helen Leary gave logistic support that kept all the wheels on the tracks instead of in the ditch. Gerry Wiener provided the Tibetan word on page 406, and we also had help on this from Craig Preston and Takao Miyatani. All who submitted errata and suggestions from the first edition were helpful. For some inexplicable reason we left the friendly folks of Addison-Wesley off the original acknowledgments---luckily, most of them were present again for this edition. A merged list for both editions includes Kate Duffy, Rosa Gonzales, Mike Hendrickson, Marina Lang, Shannon Patti, Marty Rabinowitz, Sarah Weaver, and Pamela Yee. Others did much that we are blissfully unaware of, but for which we are nonetheless abidingly grateful. The revision was additionally aided by Josh Bloch, Joe Fialli, Jimmy Torres, Benjamin Renaud, Mark Reinhold, Jen Volpe, and Ann Wollrath. And Peet's Coffee and Tea continued its supporting role as purveyor to the caffeine-consuming connoisseur. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS (THIRD EDITION) The third edition required yet more reviews and work, and the helper list is equally critical. Lisa Friendly continued her attempts to keep the project in line; someday we will cooperate better. The set of reviewers included new faces and old friends, all helpful: Joshua Bloch, Joseph Bowbeer, Gilad Bracha, Keith Edwards, Joshua Engel, Rich Gillam, Peter Haggar, Cay Horstmann, Alexander Kuzmin, Doug Lea, Keith Lea, Tim Lindholm, David Mendenhall, Andrew M. Morgan, Ray Ortigas, Brian Preston, Mark Schuldenfrei, Peter Sparago, Guy Steele, Antoine Trux, and our Russian compatriots Leonid Arbouzov, Valery Shakurov, Viatcheslav Rybalov, Eugene Latkin, Dmitri Khukhro, Konstantin Anisimov, Alexei Kaigorodov, Oleg Oleinik, and Maxim Sokolnikov. Several people let us bend their ears to figure out how to approach things better: Peter Jones, Robert W. Scheifler, Susan Snyder, Guy Steele, Jimmy Torres, and Ann Wollrath. Helen Leary made the logistics work smoothly, as always. Material support is always provided by the Addison-Wesley team: Julie DiNi cola, Mike Hendrickson, and Tracy Russ. And since the last edition, Peet's Coffee and Tea has opened up on the East Coast, so the eastern part of this writing team can enjoy it regularly. The world continues to improve apace. Any errors or shortcomings that remain in this book---despite the combined efforts of these myriads---are completely the responsibility of the authors.
Results! Why, man, I have gotten a lot of results.
I know several thousand things that won't work.
Thomas Edison 0201704331P04062001
