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Tombstone: The Great Chinese Famine, 1958-1962 [Hardcover]

Yang Jisheng , Edward Friedman , Stacy Mosher , Jian Guo , Roderick MacFarquhar
4.5 out of 5 stars  See all reviews (2 customer reviews)
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Book Description

Oct 30 2012

The much-anticipated definitive account of China’s Great Famine  

An estimated thirty-six million Chinese men, women and children starved to death during China’s Great Leap Forward in the late 1950’s and early ‘60’s. One of the greatest tragedies of the twentieth century, the famine is poorly understood, and in China is still euphemistically referred to as the “three years of natural disaster.”

As a journalist with privileged access to official and unofficial sources, Yang Jisheng spent twenty years piecing together the events that led to mass nationwide starvation, including the death of his own father. Finding no natural causes, Yang lays the deaths at the feet of China’s totalitarian Communist system and the refusal of officials at every level to value human life over ideology and self-interest.

Tombstone is a testament to inhumanity and occasional heroism that pits collective memory against the historical amnesia imposed by those in power. Stunning in scale and arresting in its detailed account of the staggering human cost of this tragedy, Tombstone is written both as a memorial to the lives lost—an enduring tombstone in memory of the dead—and in hopeful anticipation of the final demise of the totalitarian system. Ian Johnson, writing in The New York Review of Books, called the Chinese edition of Tombstone “groundbreaking…The most authoritative account of the great famine…One of the most important books to come out of China in recent years.”

 


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Review

“A vital testimony of a largely buried era.”—Clarissa Sebag-Montefiore, The Independent

“Yang's discreet and well-judged pursuit of his project over more than a decade is a quietly heroic achievement.”—Roger Garside, China Rights Forum

Tombstone easily supersedes all previous chronicles of the famine, and is one of the best insider accounts of the Party’s inner workings during this period, offering an unrivalled picture of socioeconomic engineering within a rigid ideological framework . . . meticulously researched.” —Pankaj Mishra, The New Yorker

“Eye-opening . . . boldly unsparing.”—Jonathan Mirsky, The New York Times Book Review

“Beautifully written and fluidly translated, Tombstone deserves to reach as many readers as possible.”—Samuel Moyn, The Nation

“[An] epic account . . . Tombstone is a landmark in the Chinese people's own efforts to confront their history.”—Ian Johnson, The New York Review of Books

“The toll is astounding, and this book is important for many reasons—difficult to stomach, but important all the same.”—Kirkus Review

“Mao’s Great Famine of the late 1950s continues to boggle the mind. No one book or even set of books could encompass the tens of millions of lives needlessly and intentionally destroyed or explain the paranoid megalomania of China’s leaders at the time. As with the Holocaust, every serious new account both renews our witness of the murdered dead and extends our understanding. Zhou Xun here selects, translates, and annotates 121 internal reports from local officials to their bosses. They form a frank, grisly, and specific portrait of hysteria defeating common sense. Zhou’s University of Hong Kong colleague, Frank Dikötter, extricated some of these documents from newly opened (and now again closed) archives in local headquarters across China for his Mao’s Great Famine: The History of China’s Most Devastating Catastrophe 1958–1962, but Zhou’s book stands on its own. A useful introduction, headnotes to each chapter, a chronology, and explanatory notes frame the documents. VERDICT Accessible and appealing to assiduous readers with knowledge of Mao’s China; especially useful to specialists.”—Charles W. Hayford, Evanston, IL

“A book of great importance.”—Jung Chang, author of Wild Swans and co-author of Mao: The Unknown Story

“A truly necessary book.”—Anne Applebaum, author of Gulag: A History

“In 1989 hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Chinese died in the June Fourth massacre in Beijing, and within hours hundreds of millions of people around the world had seen images of it on their television screens. In the late 1950s, also in Communist China, roughly the inverse happened: thirty million or more died while the world, then and now, has hardly noticed. If the cause of the Great Famine had been a natural disaster, this double standard might be more understandable. But the causes, as Yang Jisheng shows in meticulous detail, were political. How can the world not look now?”—Perry Link, Chancellorial Chair for Innovative Teaching, Comparative Literature and Foreign Languages, University of California, Riverside

“Hard-hitting. . . It's a harrowing read, illuminating a historic watershed that's still too little known in the West.” —Publishers' Weekly

“Groundbreaking…The most authoritative account of the Great Famine…One of the most important books to come out of China in recent years.” —Ian Johnson, The New York Review of Books

“The most stellar example of retrospective writing on the Mao period from any Chinese pen or computer.” —Perry Link, Chancellorial Chair for Innovative Teaching, Comparative Literature and Foreign Languages, University of California, Riverside

“The first proper history of China's Great Famine.” —Anne Applebaum, The Washington Post

“A monumental work comparable to Solzhenitsyn's Nobel Prize-winning work The Gulag Archipelago.” —Xu Youyu, Chinese Academy of Social Science

 

About the Author

Yang Jisheng was born in 1940, joined the Communist Party in 1964, and worked for the Xinhua News Agency from January 1968 until his retirement in 2001. He is now a deputy editor at Yanhuang Chunqiu (Chronicles of History), an official journal that regularly skirts censorship with articles on controversial political topics. A leading liberal voice, he published the Chinese version of Tombstone in Hong Kong in May 2008. Eight editions have been issued since then.Yang Jisheng lives in Beijing with his wife and two children.

Translator Bio:  

Stacy Mosher learned Chinese in Hong Kong, where she lived for nearly 18 years. A long-time journalist, Mosher currently works as an editor and translator in Brooklyn.

Guo Jian is Professor of English at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater. Originally trained in Chinese language and literature, Guo was on the Chinese faculty of Beijing Normal University until he came to the United States to study for his PhD in English in the mid-1980’s.


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Customer Reviews

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By Tommy D TOP 50 REVIEWER
Format:Hardcover
This is a remarkable book on a part of history that although being notorious is not known in any great detail Yang Jisheng was a functionary during what became known as Mao’s ‘Great Leap Forward’. In 1959 he was told of the imminent death of his father, he rushed home and arrived only just in time to see his emaciated father die of starvation. This then is a sort of testament to the totally preventable deaths, not only of his father but of the estimated 36 million other souls who died either of starvation, beatings or victims of ‘struggle’ or even ‘self criticism’ as some of the euphemisms for ritual beatings were sometimes called.

This is a pains taking piece of work that tries to chronicle the whole unvarnished truth of the tragedy that lasted three torturous years from 1958 to 1961, but the legacy of collectivism that led to so many deaths would last for decades. We get the lead up to the famine, the imposed quotas from the Party centre that led to ever inflated output estimates. This meant that the amount of produce that the State demanded could never ever be produced and handed over as it simply did not exist. Anyone who tried to question things was labelled a counter revolutionary or worse and the consequences were always Draconian. The entire Party system seemed to sleep walk in a self imposed can’t see won’t see mode.

Jisheng chronicles all of the major and even minor incidents, citing source material and references where ever possible. It took him years to amass all of this information and he travelled extensively, carrying out interviews with survivors and digging up evidence. This is truly a monumental piece of historical literature.

The only criticism, if it be called that, is that this is quite hard going. It was never meant to be a ‘pot boiler’ but the narrative can be a bit of a slog. This led me to regard it more as a reference book. I was reminded of ‘The Spanish Civil War’ by Hugh Thomas (I have two copies) which is the most complete work on the subject but jeez it can be hard going rather like an ‘official’ history can be where it chronicles every detail possible. Compare that with Anthony Beevor’s Spanish Civil War and the latter is a cracking read whilst also being informative. So for the serious scholar this is a must, for a beginner it will not be a good introduction because of its sheer breadth and complexity. I still found it really rewarding, but it has taken me a while to get through it, but this was never meant to be a thrill ride, it is a remarkable testament to one man’s dedication and one countries collective grief.
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5.0 out of 5 stars Tombstone Jan 12 2013
Format:Hardcover|Amazon Verified Purchase
I loved it. Don't understand how the rest of the world can stand back and let these leaders away with this kind of murder.
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Most Helpful Customer Reviews on Amazon.com (beta)
Amazon.com: 3.9 out of 5 stars  42 reviews
112 of 115 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars Sophisticated and well-documented analysis of China's post 1949 history Nov 4 2012
By David Paulson - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
Recently I read a short review of this work in the New York times, and then to my surprise saw this 629 page book on the Chinese Famine of 1958-61 in my local bookstore. I thought, who would buy it? I did graduate study in Chinese History, speak Chinese, and lived in China in 1982. Now I am not in the China field. The topic is interesting to me, so I bought it and read it over the weekend. I was very pleasantly surprised.

It's true that the writer's intention was to document the effects of the Great Leap Forward objectively, but I was also pleased that he was not afraid to draw conclusions and penetrate to the heart of the issue: Every major communist regime, the Soviet Union, the PRC, Cambodia, Vietnam, North Korea etc. caused mass starvation in the initial period when their zeal was high and they sought to get an iron grip on the population by controlling the food supply. The problem with these regimes is systemic; the suffering was not the result of "natural disasters" or "isolated abuses." Totalitarian systems have big problems pulling off mid-course corrections. They are not responsive to feedback until they go beyond the brink. In those systems everyone is a slave to their superiors and often they are also tyrants to those below them in the pecking order. The only way to prevent this from happening again is to educate the populace (stop calling them peasants) and gradually transition to openness and democracy.

Other things that the writer brought out that I think people should realize:
- Despite the depiction of the Communist movement as a "peasant movement," the regime caused great suffering among the farmers, killing more people than the Japanese invaders (1937-1945).
- The local cadres rode hard over the rural population to please their superiors, and then when the policy changed, got the blame for the problems. How ironic!
- The regime took great pains to hide the problems it created, and many Western scholars or politicians (the earlier Edward Friedman? Nixon? Kissinger?) and journalists were fooled. However, some brave analysts did pick up on this early on. The first book on this specific topic was written by Jasper Becker, a journalist who I have never met but respect very much. It's not true that no one knew about this until China opened up after 1989 -- some people just want to believe fairy tales and close their eyes to unpleasant facts.

I recommend this book, with the caveat that the non-specialist reader should not get too bogged down in the details. Sometimes the writer proves his point in one chapter, and then repeats the point in more chapters that are just the same story set in different locations. For specialists the details will be interesting but the general reader may want to skim over some parts, and focus on the analysis which I think is outstanding.
41 of 45 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars A must read for anyone who grew up in modern China Nov 11 2012
By Skyfire - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
I read the original Chinese version, so this review is not about the translation quality of the book, but rather the content. And what a heavy content it is. This book is probably the most comprehensive body of work on the subject of the Great Chinese Famine to date. For those who has never heard of The Famine (and that makes for most people, since it is closely guarded by the CCP as part of their shameful history), it is a period from 1958-1962 where an estimated 36 million Chinese died of un-natural causes, all during peace time from ONE country. In comparison, the total number of civilian deaths in WWII from ALL combatant nations is estimated to be between 37 to 54 million. If you add in the number of reduced births (when people are starving they tend not to give birth), estimated at 40 million, then the total population reduction exceeds civilian war deaths in WWII.

This book represents nearly two decades of meticulous research by the author, who was a reporter from the New China News Agency, with access to restricted documents and living survivors. He conducted his research under the pretense of "researching farming policies in early years of PRC", and painstakingly pieced together birth/death statistics from multiple provinces heavily impacted by the famine. He also interviewed survivors, who gave live testimonies and names of the deceased and cause of death. The length of investigation, the thoroughness and above all, the author's dedication, is exemplary journalism rarely seen in today's world, let alone in China.

The topic of The Great Famine is rarely talked about in China, and thoroughly hidden in history books as a period of "Great Difficulty". It is an open secret in the Chinese society, with many people who'd rather forget about the whole affair (and it is nearly forgotten, since adult witnesses at the time are now all in their 70's or 80's), instead of asking the hard question "how could a government that staged such tragedy be allowed to stay in power still?", and more importantly, "what does this say about such government and it's policies?". The answers to those questions are very much relevant today, as the Chinese state continues to expand with little regard to the environment, the health of its citizens, or their rights as human beings.

"Those who forgot the past is doomed to repeat it". As the next generation of Chinese matures and take over the helm, it is especially important to remember this dark period in history, so such human tragedy will not be allowed to repeat itself.
45 of 50 people found the following review helpful
4.0 out of 5 stars Good Information, but Far Too Detailed - Nov 12 2012
By Loyd E. Eskildson - Published on Amazon.com
Format:Hardcover
Mao was determined to push the Soviets off their perch as leader of the world communist movement. Khrushchev boasted in May 1957 that the Russians would become the world's leading industrial and agricultural power within ten years. Mao sought a similar goal for China, over a much shorter period. Instead, his 'Great Leap Forward' generated the worst famine in history. An estimated 36 million Chinese starved to death during the late 1950s and early 1960s. The number killed exceed those killed by the hated Japanese during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45 and even approached the overall mortality resulting from WWII.

Author Yang Jisheng's credibility on the topic is excellent - he experienced the death of his father from starvation during this period (but didn't link the event to government failure until three decades later), and spent twenty years interviewing numerous survivors and studying local records while creating over 3,600 folders of information. He is also a Communist Party member, with inside knowledge of the system. The detailed level of his reporting creates unquestionable authority, but becomes hard to digest.

Unfortunately, Yang doesn't speculate on how Mao's massive failures probably have led to China's government today being much more by consensus to avoid repeating these two disasters. The likely rationale for his avoiding this - elsewhere he states that staying away from commenting on current government leaders is essential to avoiding government reaction.

The CCP had issued a March, 1953 resolution promoting the pooling of land for agricultural purposes. By the end of 1954, over 400,000 agricultural cooperatives had been established - often over the resistance of the peasants. About 40% of housing was destroyed - providing wood and straw for backyard furnaces. (Violence against the government was common throughout the Great Leap Forward.) During 1957-58, more than 600,000 intellectuals were persecuted, effectively eliminating dissenting views. A labor force consisting of tens of millions was deployed to irrigation projects. Communal kitchens were encouraged, and eventually 99.1% of rural households participated in the cooperatives as even their previously permitted small private plots were appropriated.

Farm work was inhibited by the large numbers of peasants diverted into irrigation projects and backyard steel production, many agricultural tools were melted into 'steel' (mostly useless quality) in those backyard furnaces, and techniques imported from a Russian 'seer' ('close cropping' - supposedly would increase yields, actually decreased them; deep plowing - extra labor that buried the topsoil, allowing second-rate land to lie fallow because the new techniques supposedly would be so productive, killing off grain-eating sparrows - this then allowed insects to multiply).

Exaggerated reports of production and harvests dogged the Great Leap Forward from the beginning. However, credible early reports accurately told of the devastation were brought to Mao's attention - even by his respected Defense Minister - Marshal Peng Duhai. However, the then strength of the cult of Maoism at the time allowed Mao to shunt aside those complaining by labeling them as obstructionists. Yang depicts China's hierarchical system of concentrated power as one in which every official is a slave facing upward and a dictator facing downward. At the bottom were the petty bureaucrats, harshest of all. An incalculable number of Chinese chose to kill other Chinese. Survival choices included keeping one child alive by starving the others, digging up and eating freshly buried relatives, protecting oneself by informing on neighbors, eating bark and grass, etc. Mass graves were filled with the dead, and then stomped flat and crops planted on top - covering up the evidence.

Grain exports in 1959 reached an all-time high - five million tons, used to finance acquisition of machinery etc. from outside. Peasants were forced to live on what was left after government procurement for urban workers, the armed forces, and exports. Military officers were frequently rotated to prevent building bonds with the locals; they were also separated from program administration.

Peasants were forbidden from moving to other areas, their information sources heavily censored and restricted, and even letters from one area to another were simply held without forwarding. Nonetheless, hundreds of thousands fled to Russia and Hong Kong, though many were repatriated.

The Chinese people were even deprived of the right to silence and repeatedly forced to expose their thoughts publicly, as well as flatter Party thinking and leaders.

The Great Leap Forward ended after a 1962 nationwide conference at which President Liu Shaoqi, along with the chairman of the State Planning Commission Li Fuchu presented their findings of what was occurring to the top 7,118 leaders. They were told that farmers believed their problems were 30% due to natural causes and 70% man-made. It was initially resisted, but slowly led to ending the program. Mao never forgave Liu Shaoqi, and like former Defense Minister Peng, he was ultimately purged and subjected to considerable physical abuse.

Since then Communist officials prohibit mention of this tragedy and no memorials to its victims exist. Any mention of the starvation's is dismissed as being caused by drought and floods. The original book consisted of two-volumes and 1,208 pages, with detailed citations to prevent the Chinese government from simply dismissing it. The book was intended as a tombstone for his father and all the other victims. It is banned in mainland China.
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