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Ghost Map Hardcover – Oct. 24 2006
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From the dynamic thinker routinely compared to Malcolm Gladwell, E. O. Wilson, and James Gleick, The Ghost Map is a riveting page-turner with a real-life historical hero that brilliantly illuminates the intertwined histories of the spread of viruses, rise of cities, and the nature of scientific inquiry. These are topics that have long obsessed Steven Johnson, and The Ghost Map is a true triumph of the kind of multidisciplinary thinking for which he's become famous-a book that, like the work of Jared Diamond, presents both vivid history and a powerful and provocative explanation of what it means for the world we live in.
The Ghost Map takes place in the summer of 1854. A devastating cholera outbreak seizes London just as it is emerging as a modern city: more than 2 million people packed into a ten-mile circumference, a hub of travel and commerce, teeming with people from all over the world, continually pushing the limits of infrastructure that's outdated as soon as it's updated. Dr. John Snow-whose ideas about contagion had been dismissed by the scientific community-is spurred to intense action when the people in his neighborhood begin dying. With enthralling suspense, Johnson chronicles Snow's day-by-day efforts, as he risks his own life to prove how the epidemic is being spread.
When he creates the map that traces the pattern of outbreak back to its source, Dr. Snow didn't just solve the most pressing medical riddle of his time. He ultimately established a precedent for the way modern city-dwellers, city planners, physicians, and public officials think about the spread of disease and the development of the modern urban environment.
The Ghost Map is an endlessly compelling and utterly gripping account of that London summer of 1854, from the microbial level to the macrourban-theory level-including, most important, the human level.
- Print length352 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherRiverhead (HC)
- Publication dateOct. 24 2006
- Dimensions16.1 x 2.87 x 23.57 cm
- ISBN-101594489254
- ISBN-13978-1594489259
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"London's underground market of scavenging had its own system of rank and privilege, and near the top were the night-soil men," Johnson observes. "Like the beloved chimney sweeps of Mary Poppins, the night-soil men worked as independent contractors at the very edge of the legitimate economy, though their labor was significantly more revolting than the foraging of the mud-larks and toshers. "City landlords hired the men to remove the "night soil" from the overflowing cesspools of their buildings. The collecting of human excrement was a venerable occupation; in medieval times they were called rakers. [But] the work conditions could be deadly: in 1326, an ill-fated laborer by the name of Richard the Raker fell into a cesspool and literally drowned in human shit." Nice. Clearly much more than just a dry recitation of data--though the depth of Johnson's research is obvious--The Ghost Map is a hair-raiser that cooks from page one. A big reason is Johnson's ability to personify and animate what he terms "the invisible kingdom of microscopic bacteria," transforming cholera into a nefarious three-dimensional villain with a role to play and zest for the part.
His work as biographer also impresses. Johnson gives us two protagonists all but forgotten by history who really should be feted: Dr. John Snow, who 150 years ago in an era of superstition and tenaciously held scientific notions, managed to work out the simple equation that excrement + drinking water = death. We also meet Reverend Henry Whitehead who similarly helped to crack the cholera riddle by flat-footing it through Soho, interviewing residents and survivors and eventually coming to believe that Snow was onto something with his water-borne disease theory. (The prevailing wisdom of the day held that disease was airborne and linked to smell).
It is no exaggeration to say that Snow's efforts changed the world. Ditto engineer Joseph Bazalgette, whose sprawling, visionary English sewer system Johnson likens in stature and scope to the Eiffel Tower and Brooklyn Bridge. The Ghost Map is a great, great book, stuffed with cool factoids and told by a writer so conversant in his topic that it plays like an exquisite yarn shared over friendly beers. --Kim Hughes
From Publishers Weekly
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Product details
- Publisher : Riverhead (HC); First Edition (Oct. 24 2006)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 352 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1594489254
- ISBN-13 : 978-1594489259
- Item weight : 544 g
- Dimensions : 16.1 x 2.87 x 23.57 cm
- Best Sellers Rank: #422,730 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #261 in Infectious Disease Medicine
- #359 in Infectious Disease
- #431 in History & Philosophy of Medicine
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Steven Johnson is the best-selling author of seven books on the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. His writings have influenced everything from the way political campaigns use the Internet, to cutting-edge ideas in urban planning, to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. In 2010, he was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the Top Ten Brains of the Digital Future.
His latest book, Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, was a finalist for the 800CEORead award for best business book of 2010, and was ranked as one of the year’s best books by The Economist. His book The Ghost Map was one of the ten best nonfiction books of 2006 according to Entertainment Weekly. His books have been translated into more than a dozen languages.
Steven has also co-created three influential web sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and most recently the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011. He serves on the advisory boards of a number of Internet-related companies, including Meetup.com, Betaworks, and Nerve.
Steven is a contributing editor to Wired magazine and is the 2009 Hearst New Media Professional-in-Residence at The Journalism School, Columbia University. He won the Newhouse School fourth annual Mirror Awards for his TIME magazine cover article titled "How Twitter Will Change the Way We Live." Steven has also written for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Nation, and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including The Charlie Rose Show, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart, and The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer. He lectures widely on technological, scientific, and cultural issues. He blogs at stevenberlinjohnson.com and is @stevenbjohnson on Twitter. He lives in Marin County, California with his wife and three sons.
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However, I think it's worth a read despite these issues. The information itself is fascinating - I'd never heard of Dr. John Snow before, and this makes me want to learn more. The contrast between the science being born, and the social barriers to progress is as relevant today as it was then - something a lot of people seem to object being explored in the epilogue, but which I think makes a perfectly valid point.
The vivid picture of life in Victorian London, specifically in terms of access to water and waste disposal, was absolutely riveting in my opinion. This book really opens your eyes to how near us in history absolute squalor can be found in cities that are now gleaming and modern. It's hard to conceive of how people lived this way, but the author gets you there.
Overall I'd recommend this book strongly, but I'd also warn you to be ready to have to sigh you way through certain parts where it's a bit like listening to your nephew explain something to you that you already know, three or four times, because they're sure they discovered this whole idea and can't wait to share it. The thing that saves these sections is that I believe it comes from a place of genuine enthusiasm and passion rather than a conscious desire to beat you over the head with the information.
This book, whatever it's editing flaws may be, has some genuine gasp-worthy moments - it has drama, human interest, nobility, stupidity and all the other things that make people so compelling to get to know through words on a page. It's rekindled my interesting in epidemiology and anthropology of medicine, so for that I have to thank the author big-time.
The part where the book falters is in the editing. As a previous reviewer has pointed out, there are portions of the book that are gripping, almost like a detective thriller that has you enthralled. Yet there are other parts of the book that read more like an editorial on the link between human activity, ecology and epidemiology. However, for me, the most incomprehensible editorial misstep was the absence of John Snow's Voronoi diagram (the so-called "Ghost Map" after which the book is titled!) showing the spread of the cholera cases in the Broad Street area and the relationship with the community water pumps. I was compelled to go online to try to find a scanned image of the original and, once I did, it was a brilliant thing to see. No wonder the Directors of the Board of Health were convinced upon it being presented to them!
Dr. Snow was obviously a gifted thinker and our current study and approaches within the field of epidemiology owes much to him.
One doctor and one cleric create a new method and proof to stop the death toll from rising.
Enjoyable read, full of local London history and lessons for modern cities.
Top reviews from other countries
And beyond the cholera epidemic are the transformations of living areas, of urban growth, of healthcare and education. The evolution of mankind as it continues to struggle to survive on a planet that has also had to struggle is explained through its direct links and lessons from Landon’s cholera epidemic.
Sanitary conditions at that time were unimaginable. People were literally drinking sewage. They simply let the solids settle to the bottom of their buckets before ladling it out. Millions died, often within 24 hours of being infected by cholera. Whole families… whole blocks wiped out in a matter of days. There are details and statistics in the book but Johnson makes them interesting and readable.
THE GHOST MAP tells of the dedication of these men who battled against vicious backlash and ridicule from “knowledgeable” people, as well as the bacteria itself. And more astonishing is how the city – once convinced – undertook the massive project to remedy the problem. Water and sewer systems that rival any in the world were built in less than 10 years.
In the epilogue, Johnson gives warnings about germ warfare and pandemics loosed on the planet by rogue labs in the future. (Ha! This was written in 2015. How could he have known what would happen a mere 5 years later!) For me, the book is non-fiction at its scary best.
(NOTE: Johnson does promote Darwin’s evolution in several minor places, and “denigrates” Intelligent creation as well.)
4.5 STARS
Johnson is a polymath in his own right, and has mastered the diverse aspects of the outbreak of cholera in the Soho section of London, in 1954, and has written a compelling story. It is the London of the time of Charles Dickens, whom Johnson has read and routinely quotes. His descriptions of the significant part of the population that dealt in "recycling" and human wastes (and these people would have formed one of the larger cities in England at the time) were most memorable; Dickeneque in their own right. He provides an excellent clinical description of the action of cholera on the human body. The "drama" of the story centers around the action of two very different men, the scientist Dr. John Snow, and the social worker pastor Henry Whitehead, who combined their different outlooks and skills, to prove that the vector that carried cholera was water; which was totally contradictory to the received ideas of the time. Establishment thought considered it to be the "miasma," the fetid air, the bad smells that transmitted the disease. Johnson gives an impressive biological explanation why human reactions to smells would cloud their judgment; much contradictory evidence, such as the fact that the laborers who worked in the fetid atmosphere of the sewers all day were not particularly susceptible to the disease, was simply ignored. Johnson laces his account with some droll humor, for example, praising the advantage of cities so that it gave consumers an opportunity to concern themselves with "new technologies.... and celebrity gossip"(!) Considerable emphasis is given to the impact of "the Ghost Map," which is a graphical representation of where the deaths occurred, and how this helped "sell" the theory that the water from the one well, at 40 Broad Street, which had been contaminated with cholera from the diapers of Victim #1, or as they say in epidemiology, the "index case," was the source of the disease. And yes, despite some reviewer comments, the Ghost Map is in the book, in several places, even with a "ghost" shading.
But even with the first 200 pages I had some problems. The gas/liquid/solid energy metaphor of the three states of water compared to the three developmental states of human society: hunter-gather/farmer/city dweller is completely muddled, and the energy levels are actually the reverse of what is indicated (p 94). The Ghost Map was in the book, but it certainly would have been useful to have a Voronoi diagram also. And when he cites Marcel Proust and his Madeleine-inspired reveries (p 128) he missed a marvelous opportunity to compare Dr. Snow's work with Marcel's father, Dr. Achille Adrien Proust, who was an epidemiologist who devoted much of his life to fighting cholera, and is largely responsible for developing the "cordon sanitaire" technique. There is also the problem, particularly prominent at the publisher, Penguin, ( Love and Consequences: A Memoir of Hope and Survival fame) of not taking the time to run the manuscript through spell-check. The editing, particularly towards the end was shoddy - saying the same thing about the 1918 flu epidemic, thrice, in three pages. Despite these shortcomings, I would have given the book 5-stars if he had stopped around page 200.
The last 50 pages should have been prefaced with that classic cover from the "New Yorker," that shows the world in wildly distorted proportion, with Manhattan consuming about 80% of it, Jersey as a distant shore, San Francisco a remote dot, and all of China a smaller and more remote one still. Johnson is an unabashed New Yorker, (and yes, as the cliché has it, it is a great place to visit, but...) and he apparently believes that the world would be a better place if we all lived like they do in the Big Apple. "We are now, as a species, dependent on dense urban living as a survival strategy" (p 236). Pleeeze. Some of us in the "fly-over zone" would demur. Johnson asserts with the aplomb and certainty of Edwin Chadwick, one of the chief miasmaists who propounded the "All Smell is Disease" dogma.
As a few other reviewers have commented, it is rather ironic that there are large dollops of miasma-theory supporter thought processes behind Johnson's statements made in the final pages. All the contradictory evidence is set aside when "I (heart) NYC." Is New York really the greenest city in the United States, aside from an article in - no surprise here- "The New Yorker"? Density as an engine of wealth creation? How many trillion did Wall Street just vaporize? Density leads to population reduction? Or is it increased income levels that makes the "human" Social Security of many children no longer necessary? And then the long ramble about terrorist threats was sophomoric, at best, with nary a thought as to how to reduce or eliminate these threats. It is not that terrorism, fossil fuel depletion, or the threat of a new epidemic are not real issues to be considered in rationale discourse, but how could you NOT mention America's, and even New York's massive reliance on foreign capital, and foreigners to supply us the necessities of life, while so many able Americans are unemployed as being the central issue that must be resolved: an equitable distribution of the wealth of society. I just finished reading Thoreau's Walden , and what a stunning contrast.
Overall, the last section should be dropped, or re-worked, with much more critical thought, including some input from beyond the Hudson River, and perhaps made into its own stand-alone book. Combining the excellent portions of the book, with a shoddy ending: 3-stars.
Johnson mixes science with sociology and the result is a fascinating saga of how one man fought against the establishment with faith in himself and his theory. Dr. Snow was a respected physician who was one of the leaders in developing methods for administering anesthesia (in fact, Queen Victoria asked for his assistance in the delivery of her 9th child!). His reputation was therefore at stake when he stubbornly fought to prove that cholera was being spread by water.
He spent countless hours gathering information and he mapped the area where the epidemic occurred, even tracing paths taken by people who came from several blocks away to visit the pump on Broad Street.
His mapping methodology is still in use today, albeit in a more sophisticated form. The cartography of disease is an ever evolving science, but most of its advocates and practitioners give Snow the respect he is due.
The only weakness I saw was in the last few chapters when Johnson gets a bit mired down with urban infrastructure theories, DNA-based weapons, etc. I think that the global theories perhaps could form another book, but they don't seem to really tie this one up neatly enough. (The only reason I didn't give it 5 stars!)
However, having said that, the story preceding his concluding chapters is well worth the read. The cholera epidemic of 1854 was a terrible thing that ultimately resulted in changes not only in the prevention of disease, but in the infrastructure of the city of London. The changes necessitated by the desire to prevent disease forced the city to adopt new sewage treatment techniques and ultimately resulted in an extensive sewer system that was a model for many others.
This book clearly illustrates the positive changes that often ultimately result from disasters, and the responses that mankind must make to persevere.



